In this study, the life history characteristics of Trichogramma euproctidis (Girault), an established egg parasitoid species in southwestern Iran, parasitizing Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) were examined at 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, and 33 °C. The results showed that different constant TEMPERATUREs significantly affected the number of parasitized eggs, development time, sex ratio, tibial length, number of parasitoids per host egg, progeny longevity, and fecundity. T. euproctidis failed to complete development at 18 °C, the lowest TEMPERATURE tested. The mean developmental duration from egg to adult female decreased from 15.33 days at 21 °C to 7.25 days at 33 °C. An average of 188-degree days was required to complete development above the lower threshold TEMPERATURE (7.2 °C). Survivorship was 96.20, 97.20, 98.33, 85.46, and 82.22 % at 21, 24, 27, 30, and 33 °C, respectively. The mean longevity of T. euproctidis ranged from 11.60 days at 21 °C to 4.57 days at 33 °C. Mean total progeny ranged from 19.50 / female at 33 °C to 168.70 / female at 21 °C. Data analysis demonstrated that different constant TEMPERATUREs had a significant effect on the net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), and generation time (T). The intrinsic rate of increase (r) improved with TEMPERATURE from 0.240/day at 21°C to 0.370/day at 27 °C and then decreased at higher TEMPERATUREs. Generation time decreased from 16.90 days to 7.53 days with increasing TEMPERATURE. The optimal TEMPERATURE for development and reproduction of T. euproctidis was 27 °C. The results of this study showed that this strain of T. euproctidis appears to have the POTENTIAL to be utilized in integrated management programs targeting H. armigera.

Introduction: Musculoskeletal problems are the common complaints of patients refer to internal medicine clinics and the pain is the most important of them. There are different physiotherapy methods for reduction of pain and action POTENTIAL simulation therapy (APS therapy) is one of newest methods. The aim of this study was to determine reduction of pain with APS therapy. Materials & Methods: In 47 patients with different musculoskeletal pain APS therapy performed in 6 days each for 16 minutes and with current of 0.7-1.2 mA. Pain (VAS), Global functional status (ACR) and relief of pain (VAS) before and after study compared.Results: APS therapy reduced pain (p<0.001) and increased Global functional status (p<0.001) and increased relief of pain (p<0.005) but there was not any correlation between this reduction of pain with APS therapy and educational status and past history of physiotherapy and duration of illness in these patients.Conclusion: APS therapy is a useful physiotherapy modality for reduction of pain in musculoskeletal problems.

It is very important to find the best model to quantify seed germination rate on the response of TEMPERATURE which it can be used in determination of cardinal TEMPERATUREs. This study was conducted to evaluation nonlinear regressions models for description wheat (cv. Morvarid) germination rate response to TEMPERATUREs and water POTENTIALs. Therefore, seeds germination rate were evaluated in TEMPERATUREs of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 37oC and water POTENTIALs of 0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6 and -0.8 MPa. Four functions (Dent-like, Segmented, Beta (original) and Beta (Modified)) were evaluated to describe germination rate on the response to TEMPERATURE and water POTENTIALs. The results indicated that the best model was Dent-like which can better estimate germination rate in response to TEMPERATURE and water POTENTIAL. The base, the lower and the upper and the ceiling TEMPERATUREs were 1.5, 23.8, 33.0 and 41.0oC in the optimum conditions of water POTENTIAL. Cardinal TEMPERATUREs had no significantly change under different water POTENTIALs, except for base TEMPERATURE. Biological time for germination ranged from 34 to 51 h in different water POTENTIALs. Biological time increased about 20 h by decreasing 1 MPa. Estimated parameters and the relations can be used to prediction time to germination or emergence in wheat under wide environmental conditions from normal to drought stress.

One of the important issues in the production of concrete is environmental variability that affects the concrete and elements constructed from this material. Due to the importance of different characteristics of concrete in short- and long-term conditions, this article aims to investigate the influence of initial TEMPERATURE conditions of self-compacting concrete on its long-term characteristics and determine the initial optimal TEMPERATURE of concrete. For these purposes, several experiments under three TEMPERATURE conditions of 5, 20, and 40 degree-of-Celsius were conducted to evaluate the rheology and mechanical properties of fresh concrete in the range of 7 and 28 days. In these experiments, alternative mineral admixtures of cement such as micro-silica, fly ash, and zeolite were used to build the concrete specimens. Results demonstrate that the mechanical properties of the specimens increase with increasing initial TEMPERATURE in the short term, while such properties significantly decrease in the long term compared to the specimens constructed under lower initial TEMPERATURE. Moreover, the fluidity of self-compacting concrete increases with increasing initial TEMPERATURE.

Introduction: Ionic channel rearrangements through the demyelinated axons or supporting media play significant role in remission of the neurological deficit in MS patients. In this study the effects of Verapamil as a calcium channel blocker on central conduction have been investigated through the evaluation of changes in P100 latency of the visual evoked POTENTIAL.Method: This randomized double blinded, placebo-controlled, clinical trial was performed on two groups of 20 multiple sclerosis patients who had been diagnosed for definite MS and had no relapse during the last year. Case group received oral Verapamil, 40 mg, every 8 hours and was compared to Placebo group for changes in P100 latency.Results: In the Verapamil group, the P100 latencies showed an average decrease of 5ms comparing to the placebo group (6.1±4ms vs1 ± 0.5 ms). Verapamil had no significant effect on the VEP duration.Discussion: The present study suggests that pharmacological manipulation of calcium-dependent process, possibly at the level of demyelinated axon, can acutely facilitate central conduction of electrical impulses in some patients with clinically stable multiple sclerosis.

To study the effects of irrigation regimes on canopy TEMPERATURE and leaf water POTENTIAL, a field experiment was conducted at research station, college of agriculture, ferdowsi university of mashhad , during two years of 2001 and 2002. A split plot design based on Completely Randomized Block Design with four replication was used. The treatments comprised four irrigation regimes, 7, 14, 21 and 28 interval days allocated in the main plots and four plant species, corn, sunflower, cotton and bean, allocated in sub plots. Results showed that the irrigation regimes in each of two years had significant effect on leaf water POTENTIAL. The lowest and highest leaf water POTENTIAL were observed in the 7 and 28 interval days respectively. The effects of irrigation regimes on canopy TEMPERATURE indicate that with increasing irrigation interval days, canopy TEMPERATURE was increased on all species. Correlation coefficient between canopy TEMPERATURE and leaf water POTENTIAL in both years showed that there was significant correlation between these characteristics.

Background: Radial keratotomy is a major type of refractive surgery. This study was performed to determine the association of visual evoked POTENTIAL (VEP) and radial keratotomy. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive-comparative survey, 25 patients under radial keratotomy attending to Basir Clinic in 2014 and 2015 were enrolled and the VEP results, including voltage and latency, were determined and compared with 25 control subjects. Results: The mean voltage was 5.6 ± 2.0 microvolt and 6.0 ± 2.2 microvolt in case and control groups, respectively (P>0.05). Mean latency duration was 95.7 ± 6.1 millisecond and 95.6 ± 5.7 millisecond in case and control groups, respectively (P>0.05). Conclusion: Totally, according to the obtained results, it may be concluded that there is no significant association between visual evoked POTENTIAL and radial keratotomy. Keywords: VEP, Refractory surgery, Radial keratotomy.

Introduction: A rapid, complete, and uniform seed germination is important to establish a healthy seedling that is a critical key to successful crop production. Therefore, identification of effective factors on germination and plant response to various conditions are important to use an appropriate agronomic managements. TEMPERATURE and water are the most important environmental factors controlling seed germination in plants. The crop growth models are among the most effective tools for using in crop management decisions. The response of seed germination to TEMPERATURE and water POTENTIAL can be simulated by thermal time, hydrotime and hydrothermal time models. Regarding the importance of watermelon production in Iran, this study was conducted to determine the cardinal TEMPERATUREs of germination in watermelon plant, and also to quantify its germination in response to the TEMPERATURE and water POTENTIAL interaction. . Materials and Methods: In order to investigate the effects of TEMPERATURE and drought stress on seed germination and quantifying the germination responses; a factorial experiment was conducted with seven levels of TEMPERATURE including 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 ° C and the six levels of water POTENTIAL including 0, – 0. 25, – 0. 5, − 0. 75, – 1. 0, and – 1. 25 MPa, respectively. A Ψ of 0 MPa was obtained using distilled water. The negative Ψ levels were prepared by polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000; Merck, Germany) according to Michel and Kaufman (1973). For each treatment, four 25-seed replicates were placed in 9-cm petri dishes containing one disk of Whatman No. 1 filter paper, with 7 mL of test solutions. Cumulative germination percentage was transformed to probit regression against time log (Finney, 1971; Steinmaus et al., 2000), and the time taken for cumulative germination (tg) to reach subpopulation percentiles (10– 90%) was estimated from this function according to Steinmaus et al. (2000). Then the germination rates (GR) were calculated as the inverses of the germination times for each percentile at each T or Ψ . The preliminary estimation of the parameters in the TT, and HT models were obtained by plotting GR versus T and Ψ for each percentile. Then using repeated probit analysis developed by Ellis et al. (1986), the exact parameters for the TT, HT and HTT models were determined for the whole seed population. All statistical procedure were done by SAS and Excel software, and the figures were drawn by SigmaPlot10 software. Result and Discussion: The analysis of variance showed that the TEMPERATURE, water POTENTIAL and their interaction had significant effect on the germination percentage of the watermelon plant. Seed germination of watermelon was about 96 % under the optimal conditions. However, the germination ability was affected by the TEMPERATURE and water POTENTIAL of the seedbed. The results showed that the germination was decreased by decreasing water POTENTIAL, at all TEMPERATURE levels. The seeds of watermelon germinated over a range of water POTENTIALs from 0 to-1 MPa. Furthermore, the lowest germination loss associated with decreasing water POTENTIAL observed at TEMPERATURE range of 20-30 ° C (compared to TEMPERATUREs below and above this range). The maximum percentage of germination was recorded at 20-30 ° C, while no seeds germinated at 10 and 40 ° C. The results also showed that the highest germination rate was obtained at 25 ° C and the germination rate decreased at lower and higher TEMPERATURE than this range. While watermelon seeds were grown under no water stress condition, the estimated base and ceiling TEMPERATUREs of germination by a linear regression method were 10. 7 and 40. 0 ° C, respectively. However thermal time model was used, but the base and the maximum TEMPERATUREs were estimated as 11. 5 and 40. 1 ° C, respectively. Furthermore, an optimum TEMPERATURE of 25. 2 ° C was predicted by hydrothermal time model for watermelon germination. The results showed that the base TEMPERATURE and median thermal time to germination were varied with changing water POTENTIAL. The hydrotime analysis showed that the base water POTENTIALs was in a range from-0. 45 to-1. 23 Mpa, that differed with changing water POTENTIAL. Watermelon seeds had higher base water POTENTIAL and also required a longer hydrotime for germination under non-optimal TEMPERATURE. Hydrothermal time analysis showed that seed germination responses to TEMPERATURE and water POTENTIAL might as well quantified by parameters derived from hydrothermal time models (R2= 0. 90-0. 92). The amount of hydrothermal time required to germinate was 40. 5 MPa ° C days on the suboptimal and supra optimal TEMPERATURE ranges. The HTT model showed that the Ψ b(50) increased by 0. 09 MPa with every degree increase in TEMPERATURE above optimum TEMPERATURE. Conclusions: The thermal time, hydrotime and hydrothermal time models well described germination time course of watermelon seeds in response to TEMPERATURE and water POTENTIAL. Thus, the estimated parameters of these germination models allowed us to characterize the germination behavior of watermelon seeds under varying environmental conditions and global warming.